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This predictive power of taxonomy is embodied in the phylogenetic classifications of taxonomists (Simpson & Cracraft 1995). Brooks 1985, Brooks & McLennan 1991, 1993, Brooks et al. The predictable parts of biological systems are the stable biological elements, both form and function, autecological and synecological, that have persisted through evolutionary time, even though they may be seen as operating on ecological time scales (e.g. Darwin did not consider this to be simply a pictorial metaphor for evolution, but envisioned that such depictions could be crucial elements of biological explanation. The only illustration ever to appear in any edition of Origin of Species is a phylogenetic tree.
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They also provide the framework for all comparative studies in biology, both basic and applied. Systematists provide far more than the indispensible lists of names and keys for identification and diagnosis. This is the reason that the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz has been a major source of basic systematic research as well as one of the world's leading centers for research in tropical medicine. Parasitology has a rich tradition in both basic and applied research, and the centrality of systematic information for both has long been recognized. All biological research begins with one or more names of species, and it is systematists and their reseaarch who make certain that we all know what we are talking about when we use names like Plasmodium falciparum or Schistosoma mansoni. Without this information, biological science could not proceed. Species are the fundamental units of biodiversity, genealogical information systems that store and transmit the information leading to the emergence of ecosystems with their complex interactions. The first of these is the names and characteristics of our (slowly) growing list of all known species. Systematists provide two kinds of information. THE OBSTACLE: OVERCOMING THE TAXONOMIC IMPEDIMENT This is especially true for systematic parasitology. All parasitologists have a role to play as we re-define our relationship with the organisms whose biology fascinates us so much. Whether we are faced with an acute crisis or a chronic condition, the proportions of the problem are greater than we imagined 50 years ago. Each species lost also represents an irreversible loss of the evolutionary potential that has been the source of biotic recovery from ecological perturbations and environmental disasters on a global scale in the past (Jablonski 1991). Each species that we lose may represent an irreversible loss of socio-economic potential, and may restrict our survival options for the future. Once a species becomes extinct, we can never recover it, and its potential to play a role in the survival of our species is lost forever. At the same time, biologists understand that caution cannot become a synonym for stasis or inaction. Biologists advocate extreme caution in human development projects linked to loss of habitat and diversity because our ignorance may lead us to make mistakes both in the short and long term.
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We often have no idea what we might be losing, and incomplete information on how to manage what remains, including known and potential parasitic disease agents. On the negative side, the great hopes of half a century ago for eradicating parasitic disease have been dashed, parasitic disease of humans, livestock, and wild biodiversity threatened with extinction represent a major concern for most countries, and for the vast majority of human beings on this planet.Īs we learn each day more about the importance of the documented portions of the biosphere, we realize that we have not documented, and thus do not understand, more than a fraction of that diversity. Parasites are becoming recognized as significant players in the evolutionary game, and are being seen as excellent model systems for general evolutionary studies. Key words: parasites - systematics - biodiversityĪs we move into the 21st century, interest in parasites has never been greater.
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Both systematists and non-systematists must be interested in working towards common goals and establishing collaborative efforts in order to re-vitalize and re-populate systematic parasitology. At the same time, the taxonomic impediment is acute within parasitology. Thanks to the phylogenetic systematics revolution, systematic parasitology is poised to make significant contributions in tropical medicine and public health, biodiversity science, and evolutionary biology. Parasite Systematics in the 21st Century: Opportunities and Obstaclesĭepartment of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada